چکیده:
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺭﻩ ﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﺯ »ﻻ ﺻﻠﻮﻩ ﺍﻻ ﺑﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ« ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ »ﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺭ« ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﺞﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ، ﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻩ ﺣﻤﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺳﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﺤﺜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ، ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻱ6 ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ »ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺺ« ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﺾ؟ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ، ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ »ﺍﺩﻟﻪ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﮔﺎﻧﻪ« ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ: ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ6 ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺰء ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﺯ ﺟﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ »ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ« ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ، ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺕ ﺟﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ »ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ« ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ6 ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ، ﺭﻭﺵ ﺧﻠﻔﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ »ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ« ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ »ﺟﻬﺮ ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ« ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ، ﺳﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﻒ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﻳﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻟﺬﺍ ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ ﺍﻫﻞ ﺑﻴﺖ: ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ »ﺍﺩﻟﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ« ﻣﻨﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ
Knowing that Suratul-Fatihah، is the opener of Salat (daily prayers)، and is repeated 10 times at least، in daily prayers، the fiqhi commandment of assignment of “Bismillahir-Rahmanir-Rahim” as a component of Suratul-Fatihah، is a functional and useful discussion. In this regard، we have to search to know if it has been part of prophet’s tradition or not and its denial is Ijtihad against Nass (verified text) or just a simple Ijtihad.
Referring to the history of discussion and expressing theories with “eleven arguments”، we will conclude that the prophet in all his prayers، seriously considered it as a part of prayer، and his companions approved that. Also Khalifas did so and there are more evidences of early Islam، confirmed this procedure. according to Ahadith of prophet and imams، there is a consensus of opinions among Shi’a Imami Muslims in this regard.
In the last part of the essay we will review and criticize “four reasons” of deniers of this assignment، and then we will conclude.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"ﺣﻜﻢ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻩ ﺣﻤﺪ * ﺳﻴﺪﺍﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﻳﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ، ﭘﺮﺩﻳﺲ ﻗﻢ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ )ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 52/1/98 ؛ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ: 11/4/98 ( ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺭﻩ ﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﺯ »ﻻ ﺻﻠﻮﻩ ﺍﻻ ﺑﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ« ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ »ﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺭ« ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﺞﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ، ﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻩ ﺣﻤﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺳﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﺤﺜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ، ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻱ6 ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ »ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺺ« ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﺾ؟ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ، ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ »ﺍﺩﻟﻪ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﮔﺎﻧﻪ« ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ: ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ6 ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺰء ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﺯ ﺟﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ »ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ« ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ، ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺕ ﺟﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ »ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ« ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ6 ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ، ﺭﻭﺵ ﺧﻠﻔﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ »ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ« ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ »ﺟﻬﺮ ﺑﺴﻤﻠﻪ« ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ، ﺳﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﻒ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﻳﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻟﺬﺍ ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ ﺍﻫﻞ ﺑﻴﺖ: ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
ﺳﻴﻮﻃﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ: ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ »ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ« ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ، ﻭﺟﻮﺩ »ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ« ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ، ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ »ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ« ﻭ »ﺍﻋﺸﺎﺭ« ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ »ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ« ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺳﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ: ﺍﮔﺮ »ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ« ﺟﺰء ﺳﻮﺭﻩ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ، ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ، ﺩﺭ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ »ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ« ﺷﻮﺩ، ﻛﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ: ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ: ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ )ﺳﻴﻮﻃﻲ، 4041، ﺹ08(."