چکیده:
کفیل به موجب عقد کفالت تعهد به احضار مکفول نزد مکفولله میکند و در صورت تخلف از انجام تعهد باید دین مکفول یا مبلغ وجهالکفاله را بهعنوان خسارت عدم انجام تعهد بپردازد. تعهد کفیل به احضار، تعهدی غیرمالی است، اما چون بر این تعهد آثار مالی نیز بار میشود، ازاینرو کفیل باید بالغ، عاقل و رشید باشد و به دلیل ضرری بودن عقد کفالت صغیر ممیز و سفیه نمیتوانند نه شخصاً و نه توسط ولی یا قیم این عقد را منعقد کنند. علاوهبر این اگرچه عقد کفالت عقدی لازم است، اما چون تعهد کفیل قائم به شخص اوست، ازاینرو اگر کفیل بعد از عقد و قبل از موعد احضار مکفول، دچار جنون دائمی شود، عقد کفالت منحل میشود، بنابراین نمیتوان انجام تعهد را از ورثه یا نمایندۀ کفیل درخواست کرد یا اینکه دین یا مبلغ وجهالکفاله را از اموال کفیل دریافت کرد و دادگاه باید از مکفول معرفی کفیل جدیدی را تقاضا کند. در فرض جنون ادواری نیز اگرچه عقد کفالت باقی است، چون در مدت جنون امکان انجام تعهد از سوی کفیل وجود ندارد، این مسئله سبب ورود ضرر به مکفولله میشود، ازاینرو دادگاه باید از مکفول معرفی کفیل جدید را بخواهد. در صورت ورشکستگی کفیل نیز عقد کفالت پابرجاست و مکفولله برای وصول وجهالکفاله باید وارد در غرما شود.
that although surety is a binding contract, because the guarantor's
commitment depends on him, the surety contract will be dissolved if the
guarantor suffers from permanent insanity after the contract and before the
recall. Therefore, the fulfillment of the obligation cannot be requested from
the heir or the agent of the guarantor, and the debt or the amount of bail
cannot be received from the property of the guarantor. The court must
instead ask the debtor to introduce a new guarantor. In the assumption of
periodical insanity, although the contract of surety remains, it is not possible
for the guarantor to perform the obligation during the period of insanity, as
this causes loss to the creditor. Therefore, the court should ask debtor to
introduce a new guarantor. In case of the guarantor's foolishness, because
legally and commonly, the fool has the ability to fulfill the obligation and
present the guarantor, in case of breach of the covenant, he is obliged to pay
the safe pledge. In describing the conditions of the guarantor, the Imami
jurists, in addition to maturity, wisdom and growth, consider the absence of
bankruptcy as a condition and state that if the guarantor is not able to
summon the debtor, he must take care of the religion, and because a
bankrupt person is prohibited from seizing his property, it is not possible to
enter into suretyship unless the creditors give him permission to do so. In
Article 221 of the Criminal Procedure Law, the condition of the guarantor's
solvency is stated and, therefore, if a person is bankrupt, his guarantee
The guarantor is obliged to recall the debtor to the creditor under the surety
contract and in case of default of the obligation, according to the law, it must
pay the debtor debt or the amount of bail as compensation for
noncompliance obligation. The basic problem that this research has
addressed with a descriptive and analytical method is what kind of obligation
the guarantor's obligation is, and which persons has the capacity to enter into
a guaranty contract.
By examining the opinions of jurists and lawyers, it was determined that the
guarantor's obligation to recall the obligee is a non-financial obligation, but
because this obligation also has financial effects, the guarantor must be
adult, wise and mature, and because the surety contract is harmful, the minor
and the non-mature cannot enter into this contract either in person or through
a guardian or mandatory. Another issue that is raised here is whether, in case
where after concluding the guaranty, a guarantor who has the capacity faces
insanity, foolishness, coma or bankruptcy, the guaranty contract will be still
valid, or the contract of surety will be destroyed due to the occurrence of
these cases. By looking into the books of jurists and legal authors, it is clear
should not be accepted, However, if the judge accepts the guaranty of the
bankrupt regardless of the insolvency, the guaranty contract is valid.
Because according to Article 418 of the Commercial Law, the bankrupt is
prohibited from taking possession of his financial affairs after the issuance of
the bankruptcy award. And since the surety contract is a non-financial
contract, the bankrupt has the ability and competence to conclude it.
However, if the guarantor does not present the debtor on the due date, the
court did not have the right to collect the amount of the surety from the
property of the guarantor without the permission of the creditors. And in the
case of receiving the amount of bail, according to paragraph 2 of Article 423
of the Commercial Law, such receipt is invalid and the amount of bail must
be returned to the receiver. Therefore, it is not possible to pay the debt due to
surety until the end of bankruptcy. In case of bankruptcy of the guarantor
after concluding the surety, the surety contract is still valid and if the
guarantor refuses to summon the debtor, the creditor must enter the creditors
of the bankrupt guarantor to collect the amount of bail. In the assumption
that the guarantor falls into a coma after concluding the contract due to the
lack of will and intention during the coma, it is not possible to ask him to
summon debtor. Therefore, according to Article 234 of the Criminal
Procedure Law, the court can reject the surety contract and ask the debtor to
introduce a new guarantor. However, in case of brain death, the guarantor is
assumed to be dead, the surety contract is terminated and the debtor must
introduce a new guarantor according to the law.