چکیده:
زبانها برای ایجاد مفاهیم جدیدی که برای آنها برابرنهاد بسیطی ندارند اغلب به تولید فعلهای با دو جزء یا بیشتر دست میزنند. این فرایند در برخی زبانها بسیار پربسامد است بهطوری که در زبان فارسی تولید افعال بسیط به نظر چندان زایا نمیرسد و تعداد فعلهای ساده رایج در گفتار و نوشتار فارسی از چند صد فعل تجاوز نمیکند. دبیرمقدم (1376) ضمن بررسی و نقد آثار پیشین در این زمینه، به اثبات وجود و معرفی وجوه مختلف فعلهای مرکب انضمامی بهعنوان گونه پربسامدتر فعل مرکب در زبان فارسی میپردازد. پژوهش حاضر با بهرهگیری از دستاوردهای دبیرمقدم (1376) به بررسی فعل مرکب، انواع و ویژگیهای آن در زبان دری زرتشتیان یزد میپردازد. این پژوهش از منابع مکتوب موجود و همچنین نمونههای ثبت شده از گویشوران این زبان بهره جسته و بر تأثیر مؤلفههای نحوی-معنایی بر تصریف فعلهای مرکب این زبان تمرکز میکند. عواملی مانند زمان فعل، اصلی یا وجهی بودن آن، لازم یا متعدی بودن مفهوم کلی فعل مرکب و همچنین گذرایی جزء فعلی آن تعیین کننده ویژگیهای تصرف آن در زبان زرتشتیان یزد است. در نهایت یافتههای این پژوهش مؤید نیاز به اتخاذ رویکردی تعاملی است که خود را محدود به حوزه یا رویکردی نکند تا امکان بررسی و روشنی افکندن بر ارتباط میان عوامل و مؤلفههای بخشهای مختلف دستور را برای پژوهشگر مهیا فراهم آورد.
Referring to novel concepts for which there are no simple equivalents, speakers of languages often resort to predicates with two or more components. This phenomenon is so widely used in some languages that in Persian, for instance, new simple predicates are hardly added to the lexicon and the commonly used simple predicates in spoken and writing Persian do not appear to exceed a few hundred. This study concentrates on different types of complex predicates in the Dari language spoken by the Zoroastrians (Behdinan) of Yazd (in central Iran) and different features of each type. It takes advantage of a number of published works on Behdinani language, as well as instances directly collected from native speakers of that language. This study particularly focuses on the influence of syntactic-semantic factors on the inflection of complex predicates; such factors include tense, main or modal status of the predicate, and transitivity of the predicate as a whole as well as its verbal component alone. The findings of this study further underline the need for an unfettered, interactional perspective to the study of language which can shed light and facilitate investigation into the interaction between factors and elements from different modules of grammar. Keywords: Complex Predicates, Noun Incorporation, Behdinani, Zoroastrians of Yazd, Interactional Approach IntroductionThe language of Zoroastrians (Behdinan variety) in Yazd has been categorized as one of the critically endangered Iranian languages by the United Nations. This makes it all more significant to record and shed light on the various aspects of this language. The present study focused on complex predicates in Behdinani language and investigated how noun incorporation was employed in utterance of an unlimited set of concepts. Furthermore, it examined the roles that semantic-syntactic factors played in determining the inflection of such predicates in Behdinani language. Tense and transitivity, as well as the thematic relations, were proven to have a definitive role in shaping the inflection of complex predicates in the language of Zoroastrians in Yazd. Materials and Methods This study drew upon Dabir-Moghaddam’s previous work (1997) , which illustrated the productivity of noun incorporation as the major process in the formation of complex predicates in another Iranian language, namely Modern Persian. It also borrowed from Dabir-Moghaddam’s work (2013a) , which had recorded samples of constituent order, agreement, case system, and ergativity, as well as their local variants from a typological perspective, among other things in different Iranian languages and studies. Mazdapur’s bilingual dictionary in three volumes (1995, 2006, and 2018) accounted for the bulk of the material used in this study, which also took advantage of data directly collected from a number of Yazdi speakers of Behdinani language, as well as other written sources, such as those of Ivanow (1932, 1935, 1938, and 1939) , Kesavarz (1993) , Firuzbakhsh (1997) , Surush Surushian (1978) , and Vahman and Asatrian (2002). Discussion of Results and ConclusionThe present study explored how noun incorporation next to combination fueled the highly productive phenomenon of producing complex predicates in Behdinani language. While differentiating between two types of subject-verb agreement systems, i. e. , through suffixes and pronominal clitics, it highlighted how the former was employed in sentences with complex predicates, including the past tense stem (preterite) of an intransitive light verb, regardless of the transitivity of the verb phrase as a whole. In cases where the whole phrase was intransitive while there was a transitive light verb, proclitics assumed the role of marking agreement by directly attaching to the light verb as their syntactic host. However, if the whole complex predicate signified a transitive meaning, the proclitic tended to precede the non-verb component of the predicate as its host. Moreover, the transitive complex predicate displayed another distinctive feature in making use of the variant of the proclitics, which was the result of the merging the reduced clitic with the aspect marker vowel /e/ in the simple past tense. Another interesting feature of complex predicates in Behdinani was that transitive light verbs might display an agreement with the subject via suffixes as in intransitive verbs provided that the syntactic subject assumed the semantic role of the “experiencer”. This, however, was not without exceptions, but certain examples clearly made out the role of “agency” in whether clitics or suffixes had to be used for the purpose of marking the subject-verb agreement. Behdinani also featured the use of the modal verb “sustvun”, along with the light verb “kart (v) un”, to highlight the inability of the agent in performing an action, while the use of the modal verb alone might be interpreted as indicating inappropriateness of an action and signify a sense of prohibition. The findings of this study served as a further proof that the features of different modules of grammar, as the generative grammarians put it, were so tightly intertwined that separating these areas would only complicate and impede the study of language, especially languages like Persian and Behdinani, which did not easily yield to formalist theories. What this study suggests is an interface approach as a more efficient substitute, which opens the gate for consideration of semantic and pragmatic factors, as well as the information structure in tandem with the study of phonology, morphology, and syntax.
خلاصه ماشینی:
٥. روش پژوهش در این تحقیق واژه نامه سه جلدی مزداپور (١٣٧٤، ١٣٨٥ و ١٣٩٧) منبع اصلی دادها به حساب میآید و بخـش عمـده اطلاعـات خـام لازم را برای بررسی فعل مرکب در زبان دری زرتشتی شهر یزد در این پژوهش فراهم میآورد.
٦. چارچوب نظری دبیرمقدم در مقاله ای با عنوان «فعل مرکب در زبان فارسی» (١٣٧٦/١٣٧٤)١ عبارت فعل مرکب را بـه فعلـی اطـلاق مـیکنـد کـه یـک سـازه غیرفعلی مانند اسم ، صفت ، اسم مفعول ، گروه حرف اضافه ای و یک سازه فعلی ساختمان واژی آن را تشکیل داده باشد.
٣٨ ٣ش ج -ستاک حال بودن ستاک گذشته دیدن مردان من (غیرفاعلی) ’مردان را دیدم ‘ در مقاله ای با عنوان indiohct ohhhcthh’ in Poflovi ond in o chntool diolhct rh Ioon‘Tfh ، تفضـلی (١٩٨٦) تصـریح کـرده کـه در جمله های دارای فعل ساخته شده با ستاک ماضی در زبان پهلوی، فعل کمکی -f بـا اثرپـذیر صـریح (مفعـول صـریح ) مطابقـه مـیکنـد و در صورتی که مفعول صریح نام مفرد یا سوم شخص مفرد باشد، فعل کمکی -f تظاهر نمییابد.
افعال آغازی بررسی نمونه های گردآوری شده از براون (١٨٩٧)، ایوانوف (١٩٣٨)، مزداپور (١٣٧٤، ١٣٨٥ و ١٣٩٧) و گویشورانی که با آن ها تماس گرفته شد حاکی از آن است که در زبان دری زرتشتی مطابقه فعل های آغازی ٢ در زمان گذشته مشابه فعل های ساده لازم یعنی از طریق پسوند فاعلی صورت بندی میشود.
A Study of Nouns in Dari Language, Moktho Tfhkik, Univhokity rh Thfoon.