چکیده:
آدابالحرب و الشجاعه اثری ارزشمند به زبان فارسی با موضوع نظامی و آداب جنگاوری است که در اوایل قرن هفت به نثری ساده و روان به رشتۀ تحریر درآمد. این کتاب هم ازنظر قدمت متن و هم از دید زبانشناسی اعتباری برجسته دارد و کهنترین متن فارسی شناختهشده در موضوع نامبرده است؛ نیز با توجه به اینکه در شبهقارۀ هند تألیف شده است، واژهها و اصطلاحات هندی دارد؛ بنابراین بدیهی است که توجه ویژه به این کتاب ازنظر واژهشناسی و معنیشناسی ضرورتی انکارناپذیر دارد. با مطالعۀ کتاب با رویکرد واژهشناسی مشخص شد که بسیاری از واژهها تاکنون ناشناخته باقی مانده و در هیچ منبعی دربارۀ آنها توضیحاتی نیامده است؛ ولی بهدلیل گستردگی اصطلاحات ناشناختۀ این کتاب، ثبت و بررسی همۀ آنها کاری زمانبر و دشوار است؛ بنابراین در این پژوهش، برخی از واژههای نظامی، استخراج، بررسی، معرفی و تحلیل میشوند. روش کار در مرحلۀ اول، مطالعۀ آدابالحرب و الشجاعه و استخراج واژههای ناشناخته و ثبتنشده در حوزۀ مسائل گفتهشده است. در مرحلۀ بعد بهروش مطالعۀ کتابخانهای و جستوجو در پیکرهها و نرمافزارهای گوناگون مرتبط و با ابزار یادداشتبرداری، شواهد موجود گردآوری شد. در مرحلۀ نهایی، برخی از واژگان، بررسی و تحلیل شدند که دربارۀ آنها توضیحاتی بیان میشود و هویّتشان آشکار خواهد شد. برخی نیز بهدلیل آشکاربودن معانی آنها یا نبود اطلاعات کافی، که بیش از پنجاه واژه است، فقط معرفی شدند. درکل، همۀ این واژهها نویافته هستند و تاکنون هیچیک در فرهنگ لغتی ثبت نشدهاند و در اینجا برای نخستینبار معرفی میشوند.
Abstract Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah, the valuable work of Fakhr Modabber, is the oldest known Persian text on war etiquette. Considering the age of this work and its inclusion of unknown military words and terms, many of which have Indian roots, it is an undeniable necessity to review this book in terms of terminology and semantics. By studying the book with a lexicographical approach, it became clear that many of these words have not been explained in any sources; therefore, in the present study, some newfound military words are extracted, introduced, and analyzed. The first step in our exploration is to study Adab al-Harb and to extract unrecorded words in the field of the mentioned issues. In the next step, by a library study method and searching in various related sources, pieces of evidence if any, were collected. In the final step, some words were analyzed and their identities were revealed, and some due to the obviousness of their meanings or the lack of sufficient information, which includes more than fifty words, were just introduced. In general, all these words are new and none of them have been recorded in a dictionary. The words are introduced here for the first time. Introduction Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah, written in the 7th century AH, is one of the most important books related to the etiquette of war. This book has 34 chapters: “but the title of this book does not fit with all of its chapters, and almost half of it is in politics of governance and has no connection with war and war tools” (Afshari, 2018, p. 19). Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah may be considered the most specialized book in the Persian language on the militarism subject, whose author deals with specific military issues by mentioning numerous historical stories. Considering that this book was written in the Indian subcontinent, it is full of Indian words, most of which are related to the military field; “Mobarakshah’s prose is very fluent and masterful, and his language is full of oriental elements of Iranian dialects, and for this reason, the remaining manuscripts of it, have many scribal errors” (Safa, 1990, p. 1170). Of course, the identity and meaning of many of them remain unknown until now; therefore, the authors have introduced, reviewed, and analyzed some of these words in this study. Materials and Methods This study is basic research about the words of Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah. In the first step, many unknown words were extracted by examining and comprehensively studying the text of the book. In the next step, by exploring the sources, it was ensured that these words were not registered. In the next step, evidence and data were collected by a library study and scanning of various Persian texts, and also, using different corpus-oriented software and text-oriented corpora. Based on these findings and with the approach of examining the use of the word in the text and the context of the speech and logical reasoning, the meaning of these words was deduced and analyzed. Research Findings Parvin It is a type of formation of the army against the enemy during war, and its name is derived from the constellation ‘Parvin’. JeggarAndaz One of the special military units, who had used a type of weapon called ‘Jeggar’. Jowaldooz/Nimjovaldooz ‘Jowaldooz’ is a projectile weapon that was used in special Castle wars. Chakh It was a type of thick skin that was used to cover the shield and make sheaths for swords and knives and the like. DahMarde It is the name of the weapon that was used to open the Castle. Bahram’s Tailpiece It is one of the three main methods of holding the Tailpiece of the Bow, which is attributed to Bahram Gur. Shooshak/Sooshak The word is a name of a kind of shield, which is made from soft and flexible tree horns. Caruri It refers to the name of a kind of Bow, which is attributed to ‘Karur’ (the name of a city near Sindh). Karveh It is the name of a tool that was used in special Castle wars. Gazeh According to the text of Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah, it can be said that ‘Gazeh’ is the point of connection and locking of the arrow with the arrowhead. MardGir It was a spear with a crooked head that was used to grab and pull fighters down from the castle. Semilunar It is a type of formation of the army against the enemy during war, which is specific to Iranians and its name is derived from the shape of the new moon. Unexplained Weapons A number of words are mentioned in two groups for introduction and registration in dictionaries: a group of words whose meanings are clear from their appearance and name, and another group of words that, unfortunately, despite extensive searching in various sources, no information was found about them. Conclusion It can be said that most of the military words and terms of Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah are related to the Indian subcontinent, which, although used in some Persian texts, have remained obsolete and abandoned today. The author is very creative in using these words. Moreover, despite the valuable efforts of Soheili Khansari, the proofreader of Adab al-Harb va al-Shaja’ah, the publication of this book has many errors and its re-correction is clearly necessary.
خلاصه ماشینی:
فقط در چند حوزة محدود، مطالبي دربارة اين کتاب نوشته شده که به قرار زير است : «نقد و بررسي کتاب آداب الحرب و الشجاعه » از محمد مديري (١٣٨١) در تاريخ پژوهي؛ «فصلي در فرهنگ جنگ ؛ نگاهي به کتاب آداب الحرب و الشجاعه » از منيژه عبداللهي (١٣٨٧) در چيستا؛ «آيين و فرهنگ مقاومت ايراني ، نگاهي به کتاب آداب الحرب و الشجاعه نوشتۀ مبارکشاه » از حسين نوين (١٣٨٢) در کيهان فرهنگي؛ «تير ٢» از مژگان صادقي (١٣٩٣) در دانشنامۀ جهان اسلام ؛ «مأخذشناسي برخي حکايت هاي آداب الحرب و الشجاعه » از سبزيان پور و پروانه (١٣٩٣) در پژوهش هاي نقد ادبي و سبک شناسي؛ «آداب الحرب و الشجاعه و تصحيح آن » از عابدي و شوقي (١٣٩٩) در ادب فارسي؛ «بررسي سبک شناسي آداب الحرب و الشجاعه » از مريم محمودي و همکاران (١٤٠٠) در سبک شناسي نظم و نثر فارسي (بهار ادب )؛ چنانکه پيداست ، هيچ يک از اين مقالات به روشني به بررسي واژه ها و اصطلاحات نظامي اين کتاب نپرداخته اند و پژوهش حاضر، کاري جدي در اين زمينه است .
با توجه به اينکه در چند فرهنگ لغت ، ذيل واژة «چخ » بيت مدنظر از مختاري ثبت شده است و نيز وجود سه شاهد در متن آداب الحرب با عنوان سپر «چخ »، اين دو نکته براي ما روشن مي شود که ثبت فرهنگ نويسان برخلاف مصححان درست است و دوم اينکه به احتمال فراوان ، منظور از «چخ » همان سپر چخ است که در آداب الحرب آمده است و مختاري شيوة ساخت سپر چخ را توضيح داده که از جلد فرآوري شده و ساخته شده از پوست کرگدن و يشک [دندان بزرگ ] فيل و مانند آن بوده است .