نویسنده: معتقد، محمد ؛ ایزدی، محمد سعید ؛
نویسنده مسئول: سجادزاده، حسن ؛
جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی پاییز 1402 - شماره 91 رتبه ب (وزارت علوم/ISC (30 صفحه - از 65 تا 94 )
رویکرد پدیدههای شهری براساس اصول «ایجاد شبکه» است. شبکهسازی در جهت تعریف اصول و روابط تنظیمکننده بین عناصر و بهینهسازی عملکرد زیر سیستمهای شهری است؛ از این رو، فضای سبز در شهرها عاملی برای ارتقای زیست شهروندان در قالب یک شبکه موردمطالعه قرار میگیرد. بهطوری که با ایجاد مدلهایی بتواند عملکرد سیستم را بسنجد و اساس یک حوزۀ تحقیقاتی جدید را تحت عنوان شبکۀ سبز ایجاد کند. شبکههای سبز شهری موجب پشتیبانی از عملکردها و خدمات اکولوژیکی میشود که به برنامهریزی برای آینده شهرها کمک میکند. هدف این پژوهش، این است که با توجه به برداشتهای گوناگون از مفهوم شبکۀ سبز شهری مبتنی بر دیدگاههای مختلف علمی با استنباط و استخراج اهم ابعاد، رویکردها و نگرشهای مرتبط با این حوزه، مدل مفهومی را نسبت به شبکۀ سبز شهری از منظر علوم محیطی تبیین میکند. این پژوهش، با استفاده از روش کیفی و تحلیل اسناد مکتوب با بهرهگیری از تجزیهوتحلیل هم واژگانی به استنباط و ارزیابی ابعاد، رویکرد و نگرشهای حاصل از دیدگاههای مختلف توجه کرده که از بررسی 205 منبع علمی معتبر طی 21 سال گذشته به دست آمده است. سپس اطلاعات با استفاده از ابزار تجزیهوتحلیل LCA بررسی و بهمنظور تجزیهوتحلیل ارتباطات بین اطلاعات جمعآوریشده از نرمافزار SPAD استفاده شد. در گام آخر با تحلیل و بررسی علوم محیطی مؤثر با استفاده از نرمافزار VOSviewer، مهمترین ابعاد، رویکردها و نگرشها مشخص شد. یافتههای پژوهش نشاندهندۀ آن بود که مفهوم شبکۀ سبز شهری با سه علوم محیطی مطالعات شهری، جغرافیای شهری و علوم اکولوژی ارتباط مستقیم دارد و این علوم در شکلگیری مدل مفهومی برای ارائۀ تعریف و تصویری روشن از این مفهوم در راستای بهکارگیری در برنامهریزی زیرساخت سبز شهری تأثیر بسزایی دارد. نتایج تحقیق نشاندهندۀ آن بود که مطالعات شهری به مفاهیمی همچون حفاظت از فضای سبز موجود در شهرها، ایجاد فرمهای جدید فضایی، ترمیم و نگهداری از اتصالات میان اجزای تشکیلدهنده و ... توجه میکند. در جغرافیای شهری توجه به اصول اکولوژیک موجود در شهرها، رفع نیازهای اکولوژیکی طبیعت و انسان، زندگی شهری و ... مفاهیمی اثرگذار هستند. در علوم اکولوژی بهعنوان مهمترین حوزۀ تحقیقاتی در باب مفهوم شبکۀ سبز شهری، به ارتقای پیوستگی در فضای سبز شهری، ایجاد و طراحی کریدورهای بهینه، توجه به پیوند میان اکوسیستمهای بزرگتر با اکوسیستم شهری و ... اشاره میشود. نتایج بهدستآمده نشاندهندۀ آن است که مفهوم شبکۀ سبز شهری یک زمینۀ تحقیقاتی چند رشتهای، با بهرهگیری از روش برنامهریزی شهری پشتیبانیشده بهوسیلۀ ابزارهای تصمیمگیری که قادر به مدلسازی زیرساختهای سبز بهعنوان شبکۀ شهری است که از مناطق طبیعی و نیمه طبیعی شکل گرفته و بهمنظور توزیع برابر خدمات عمومی برای افزایش کیفیت زندگی و همچنین طیف گستردهای از خدمات اکوسیستم و پایداری در شهرهاست.
AbstractNetworking aims to define the principles and regulatory relationships between elements and optimize the performance of urban subsystems. Urban green networks support ecological functions and services that can help planning for the future of cities. The purpose of this research was to explain a conceptual model for the urban green network from the perspective of science according to the various perceptions of the concept of urban green network based on different scientific points of view by inferring and extracting the most important dimensions, approaches, and attitudes related to this field. By using the qualitative method and analyzing the written documents through the same lexical analysis, this research inferred and evaluated different points of view. The information was analyzed using the LCA analysis tool and SPAD software was used to analyze the relationships among the collected information by examining the effective environmental sciences. Using the VOSviewer software, the most important dimensions, approaches, and attitudes were determined. The findings of this research showed that the concept of the urban green network was directly related to the three environmental sciences of urban studies, urban geography, and ecological sciences. These sciences had a significant impact on the formation of a conceptual model to provide a clear picture of this concept in line with urban green infrastructure planning. Urban studies deal with concepts, such as protecting green spaces in cities, creating new spatial forms, etc., in urban geography, paying attention to the ecological principles in cities, meeting the ecological needs of nature and humans, etc., as the effective concepts. Ecological sciences are also mentioned as the most important research fields regarding the concept of urban green network to promote continuity in urban green spaces, create and design optimal corridors, etc. The results of this study showed that the concept of urban green network was a multi-research field. It appeared as a field supported by the urban planning method by means of decision-making tools, capable of modeling green infrastructure as an urban network formed from natural and semi-natural areas and was in line with the distribution of public services to increase the quality of life, as well as providing ecosystem services and sustainability in cities.Keywords: Urban Green Network, Green Infrastructure, Green Space, Vocabulary Analysis IntroductionCurrently, approximately 54% of the world's population live in urban areas and this number is projected to reach about 70% by 2030 due to population migration from rural to urban areas (Organization, 2019: 24). Urbanization generally causes many environmental problems that are mostly associated with the destruction or degradation of green spaces (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2017: 112). Cities with higher population densities have less green space. For this reason, the relationship of city dwellers with their living environments requires their adaptation to semi-urban areas without borders, fences, hedges, and physical or administrative constraints. They leave nature to go to the city and use it as an opportunity and improvement (Narain, 2017: 147). Therefore, increasing population and the need to meet human needs can lead to the expansion of the use of natural resources and transformation of many ecosystems into urban areas (Ersoy et al., 2019: 310), which has increased the demand for land in many countries, especially in developing countries. With the increase in urban construction, the need for land and housing has led to land use change and non-land conversion. Urban areas have become a land for urban construction (Tannier, 2016: 84). Considering these issues, it can be said that urban green network has an important place for protection of biodiversity (Angold et al., 2006: 202; Karuppannan et al., 2014). MethodologyTo answer the questions, a collection of scientific articles from reputable scientific journals was analyzed by using lexical analysis tools. This approach made it possible to extract the main semantic dimensions in question in order to highlight the current meanings and practical contexts of the green network concept, especially from an urban planning perspective. To use this method, the data collection was performed in two different stages: 1) collecting highly cited scientific articles in the field of urban green infrastructure studies during the last 21 years and 2) selecting items that contained specific references to the concept of green network. The scientific articles were collected by searching in two scientific databases, Scopus and Google Scholar. They were selected and filtered by using the main keyword (urban green space) and collected according to the number of citations. Also, the collected information led to a conclusion for each of them by identifying the main keywords of each article and examining its key points. The data were analyzed using the analytical instrument of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is an analytical tool that is able to identify the hidden meaning of a group of texts. This type of data analysis is basically based on "differences" (De Falco et al., 2021: 198). SPAD software was utilized to analyze the relationships between the collected information, such as factors and components, each of which showed an aspect of the type of communication contained in the information. In this way, the analysis allowed us to examine whether the role of urban green space towards specific issues, such as urban green network, in the scientific community had been evolving. Therefore, we could extract the main concepts that defined the stages of this evolution in the last 20 years. DiscussionExtensive urbanization has made cities more complex than ever before. As a result, "new knowledge about cities" has emerged in the scientific debate and more advanced mathematical models, especially network models, have been developed to describe and optimize physical networks and human interactions. From this perspective, the elements of the natural environment in urban patterns can be also designed and managed as networks by integrating the findings of natural and social sciences into a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, increasing attention to the different roles that green space can play for the sustainable development of urban areas has made the scientific community include the concept of green network in their vocabulary. However, by analyzing the results of the present study, which was done by using lexical analysis tools, it was clear that the concept of green network was still semantically ambiguous and unclear. The reason for this confusion was first of all due to the meanings of two terms in the concept: "green and network". In some areas of research, the term "green" refers to the definition of products, strategies, or processes that evoke the concept of sustainable development based on living conditions and the use of resources to meet human needs. From this perspective, the concept of green network can be applied not only to the system of urban natural areas, but also to other groups of interconnected elements, such as control systems of energy storage devices in electricity networks with a high share of renewable energy sources and consumer networks, which is even considered for environmental marketing strategies. For this reason, lexical analysis was performed taking into account the scientific articles published during the last 21 years in the important and prestigious journals of urban studies by using the main keyword of the concept of "green network". This indicated that the discussion about the function of green space as one of the main elements of urban green infrastructure was still very important and bold, which was characterized by the use of related research areas, such as environmental sciences, urban geography, and urban studies. Thus, the term "green" related to urban space described green spaces not only as public services, but also in a broader sense of ecosystem services, discussing new scientific evidence with regard to the relationship between ecological processes and their relative effects on the man-made environment. This issue had a special place due to the increasing importance of the consequences of climate change. ConclusionAfter reviewing the present study in relation to the various functions attributed to natural areas in urban contexts, a general definition of this concept could be considered: "A system consisting of similar parts that are connected to each other to allow movement or communication between them and also move along these sections." In fact, from the analysis of the results, it could be pointed out that the term "network" seemed to refer to a general set of natural areas in a city, which referred to the theory of network system that connected these elements, except for the ecological field, which used the same principles applied in larger ecosystems to describe the relationships between natural elements (green) on an urban scale and evaluate the ecological effectiveness of green infrastructure in a particular urban context. In short, it was obvious that the concept of green network still had many challenges as a defined topic in urban planning and system. Therefore, to avoid creating any ambiguity and provide a unique definition of the concept of green network from the perspective of urban planning, it could be stated as an urban planning action by decision support tools to create a green infrastructure as a the network consisted of natural and semi-natural areas whose connections and communications were modeled according to specific variables in order to distribute public services equally and increase the quality of life, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services. From this perspective, the concept of green network could create a multidisciplinary research field that combined natural and social sciences with computer science findings to provide tools for public administration in a way that the consequences of their selections could be understood in terms of access so as to evaluate public services and sustainability in cities. 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خلاصه ماشینی:جدول (١) عوامل مؤثر بر شبکۀ سبز شهري از ديدگاه پژوهشگران Table (1) Effective findings on the urban green network from the perspective of researchers پژوهشگر سال مفاهيم کليدي يافته هاي مؤثر بر شبکۀ سبز شهري شبکۀ سبز شهري ، پايداري - بهبود و حفاظت از پايداري اکوسيستم با شبکۀ GI باي و گو ٢٠٢١ اکوسيستم ، توسعۀ سبز و پايدار، - هدايت بهتر شهرها و روستاها به سمت توسعۀ سبز و پايدار با شبکۀ GI حساسيت اکولوژيک - امکان پذيربودن شناسايي هاب ها با ارزيابي خدمات اکوسيستمي و حساسيت اکولوژيکي اسلويس و ٢٠١٩ انسجام شبکه ، شبکۀ مناطق -توجه به نقش شبکۀ اکولوژيکي در شکل گيري مفهوم شبکۀ زيرساخت سبز جانگمن حفاظت شده - نشأت گرفتن مفهوم «انسجام شبکه » از بوم شناسي منظر توليسي ٢٠١٧ شبکۀ سبز، ساختار سبز شهري ، - در نظر گرفتن ساختار سبز شهري به عنوان يک شبکه خدمات زيست بوم ، برنامه ريزي - اندازه گيري عملکردي سيستم ساختار سبز با استفاده از ايجاد مدل هاي شبکۀ سبز شهري شهري موگياکو و ٢٠١٤ شبکۀ سبز شهري ، اتصال ، - بهره گيري از چارچوب روش شناختي در ارزيابي و بهينه سازي شبکۀ سبز شهري فوتيس GIS، کم ترين هزينه براي - مدل سازي فرآيندهاي فضايي براي ارزيابي و بهينه سازي شبکۀ سبز شهري کاربر، مدل سازي - نقش برجستۀ اتصال فضايي در کنترل و ارزيابي ساختار شبکۀ سبز شهري کووالوسکا ٢٠١١ شبکۀ سبز شهري پايدار، فضا و - تعريف شبکۀ سبز شهري از منظر فضا و عملکردهاي عمومي عملکرد عمومي ، مناطق سبز، -شبکۀ سبز شهري ابزاري براي برنامه ريزي به منظور طراحي و مديريت بيشتر برنامه ريزي و طراحي فضاهاي و مطابقت با استانداردهاي توسعه براي انواع خاصي از مناطق سبز سبز -افزايش کيفيت زندگي ، کاهش محروميت و شکاف اجتماعي و همچنين احياي مناطق فقيرنشين با استفاده از شبکۀ سبز شهري اوا ٢٠١١ مفهوم اکولوژيکي شهرنشيني، - ساختاربندي مناسب برنامه ريزي شهري با استفاده از پيوستگي در جنگل کاري و مناطق تاريخي شهر، توسعۀ کشت گونه هاي گياهي مختلف ساختار شهر، سيستم فضاي -ايجاد تعادل در شبکۀ سبز شهري ، توسعۀ کمي و کيفي فضاهاي سبز، جهت گيري سبز شهري و رشد مناسب فيزيکي شهر با استفاده از برنامه ريزي فضاي سبز شهري نوروزي و ١٣٩٨ زيرساخت ، زيرساخت سبز، عناصر تشکيل دهندة منظر بر عوامل زيرساختي و محيطي و خدماتي رهيافتي براي بمانيان شبکۀ سبز، پايداري محيطي ، ارتقاي شاخص هاي پايداري شهري و افزايش شاخص هاي زيست پذيري براي عوامل زيرساختي و خدماتي شهروندان مؤثر است .
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