چکیده:
چکیدهبرای تهیه و اجرای طرح هادی بهمنزلة فراگیرترین و محلیترین طرح توسعة روستایی در ایران، هزینههای کلانی صرف میشود و این طرح آثار چشمگیری بر بافت فیزیکیکالبدی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و... سکونتگاههای روستایی بر جای گذاشته است. اثرگذاری چندبعدی تهیه و اجرای این طرح بر عرصة سکونتگاههای روستایی و جوامع مستقر در آنها، ضرورت آسیبشناسی طرح هادی را دوچندان میکند؛ امر مهمی که تاکنون پژوهشگران عرصة روستایی توجهی به آن نداشتهاند؛ بر این اساس هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی آسیبهای ساختاری طرح هادی روستایی است که بهصورت مطالعة موردی در استان کرمانشاه انجام شده است. این پژوهش کیفی در چهارچوب پارادایم تفسیریبرساختی انجام شده و شیوة تحلیل حاکم بر آن، تحلیل مضمون است. در این شیوه برای گردآوری دادهها از مصاحبههای عمیق فردی و گروهی استفاده شده و مبنای اتمام مصاحبهها، اشباع نظری بوده است. برمبنای نتایج پژوهش، مهمترین آسیبهای ساختاری طرح هادی در سه مضمون فراگیر «آسیبهای برونسازمانی»، «فنیاجرایی» و «مدیریتی» دستهبندی میشود. این مضامین از 10 مضمون سازماندهنده (آسیبهای مربوط به نوع اعتبار و میزان تخصیص آن، شرح خدمات تهیة طرح و دستورکارها و ضوابط اجرای طرح، واگذاری پروژهها به مقامات محلی و نگهداری از آنها، تهیة طرح هادی، سازوکار نظارت بر اجرای طرح، مشاور (نقشهبردار، مشاور تهیة طرح و عامل چهارم) و پیمانکار، انتخاب روستا برای تهیه/ بازنگری و اجرای طرح، انتخاب نوع پروژة اجرایی، زمانبندی اجرای طرح و مراحل تصویب و ابلاغ) و 105 مضمون پایه تشکیل شدهاند. در ادامه نقشة تماتیک چالشهای ساختاری طرح هادی تهیه و متناسب با یافتهها، راهکارهای عملیاتی و اجرایی برای رفع آسیبها شناسایی و ارائه شده است. به نظر میرسد با توجه به همسانی فرایند تهیه و اجرای طرح هادی در روستاهای کشور، نتایج این پژوهش میتواند الگویی برای سایر استانهای کشور در حل چالشهای ساختاری طرح هادی باشد.
IntroductionIn Iran, the Rural Hadi Project is recognized as the first organized and comprehensive national effort to spatially organize villages. It is the most extensive and costly project that has been implemented in geographical areas in the country in order to develop villages. In a simple definition, Hadi Plan is a plan that aims at organizing and modifying the existing texture, the amounts of future expansion, and the way of using lands for various functions, such as residential, commercial, and agricultural lands, facilities and equipment, and general rural needs, as the case may be, in the form of approval for spatial plans and settlements. It determines rural or regional master plans. Taking an approach based on the limitation of physical changes in rural development, several projects have been implemented, all of which have sought rural development. Therefore, it is referred to as a comprehensive rural development plan and the most important tool for rural development management in Iran.One of the important measures that can help strengthen and sustain the positive effects of Hadi Plan is the pathology of the Rural Hadi Plan. In fact, this will lead to awareness of the experts’ views and opinions and identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the plan. Rural communities are perhaps the best evaluators of the functional impairments of Hadi Plan. According to the above, the main questions of the present study were as follows: What are the most important structural damages of the Rural Hadi Plan? What are the most important operational and executive solutions to eliminate the identified damages? 2- MethodologyThe present qualitative research was conducted within the framework of the interpretive-constructive paradigm and its governing method of analysis was thematic analysis. The statistical and target population included the experts and specialists of the Rural Hadi Project. The community included all the individuals at the provincial level and even the nationally recognized experts, who had scientific expertise and executive background for preparing and implementing the master plan. These people included the officials and senior managers, as well as the experts of the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution, surveyors, consultants for preparing the master plan, contractors, consulting engineering companies, the fourth factor, and so on. The relevant data were collected through in-depth semi-structured individual interviews and group interviews, which were based on the theoretical saturation. 3- DiscussionBased on the content analysis of the individual and group interviews conducted with managers, experts, specialists, etc., the identified structural damages included 3 comprehensive themes: extra-organizational, technical-executive, and managerial themes. Each of these themes was derived from several organizing themes (a total of 10 organizing themes), which themselves were identified from 105 basic themes.The identified themes in combination led to the formation of serious damages in the process of preparation and implementation of the Rural Hadi Plan. The effectiveness of this national and macro plan faced many challenges. Therefore, providing operational and executive solutions to solve these damages can be as effective as possible in the Rural Hadi Plan. 4- ConclusionPathology of all development programs and projects can help identify the challenges and issues facing them, present operational-executive solutions to solve problems, and provide the ground for their success as much as possible. Due to the increasing growth of the preparation and implementation of Hadi Plan in rural settlements of the country, the pathology of this design can be effective in further improving its performance. These damages can be grouped into 2 categories: structural and functional. Structural damage in this study meant all the processes related to the Rural Hadi Plan before its impact (its functional effect) on the rural community. The results showed that the most important structural damages of Hadi Plan could be grouped into 3 comprehensive themes: "external organizational", "technical-executive", and "managerial" themes. These resulted in 10 themes the organizer could obtain: damages related to the type of credit and the amount of its allocation, description of the project preparation services and instructions and the criteria for its implementation, handing over the project to the local authorities and maintaining them, preparation of the plan, project implementation monitoring mechanism, consultant (surveyor, design preparation consultant, and fourth agent) and contractor, selection of a village to prepare/review and implement the plan, selection of the type of executive project, schedule of the plan implementation, and approval and notification steps. Due to the uniform process of preparation and implementation of Hadi Plan throughout the country, the results of this study can be generalized to all other provinces in the country. Therefore, the thematic map prepared regarding the structural damage of the conductor design in this research can be used as a basis for solving the damages of Hadi Plan and optimizing its performance in other provinces. Since the output of any scientific study is providing operational and executive solutions to the problem under study, appropriate solutions were presented for each of the identified damages in this paper. Keywords: rural development, Hadi Plan, pathology, theme analysis, Kermanshah References- Belosevic, I., Kosijer, M., Ivic, M., Pavlovic, N., (2018). 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Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements, One Earth Review, One Earth 2, February 21, pp: 143-156. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.- Setty Pendakur, V (1985), Modernization and Rural Development Strategies: A Case Study of a South Indian Village, Asian Survey, 25(6): 659-677.- Shamsoldini, A., Jamini, D and Jamshidi, AR (2016), Measurement and analysis of social stability in rural areas (Case study: Javanrood Township), Journal of Rural Research, 7(3): 486-503.- Taheri Karimi, A., Javani, B., (2016). An Overview of the Pathology of Historical Context in Soynas Village in Mahabad, International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS), 6(3), pp 49-64. - Figure 1. Geographical location of Kermanshah province in the country- Figure 2. Number and percentage of Hadi plan implemented in the Township of Kermanshah province- Figure 3.Thematic map of structural damages of rural Hadi plan- Table 1. Number and percentage of implemented Hadi plan in the County of the province separately (Authors, 2021)- Table 2. The basic, organized and comprehensive themes of the interview coding (Authors, 2021)- Table 3. Operational solutions to solve structural damage in rural Hadi Plan (Authors, 2021)
خلاصه ماشینی:
اثرگذاري چندبعدي تهيه و اجراي اين طرح بر عرصـۀ سـکونتگاههاي روسـتايي و جوامـع مسـتقر در آنهـا، ضـرورت آسيب شناسي طرح هادي را دوچندان ميکند؛ امر مهمي که تاکنون پژوهشگران عرصۀ روستايي توجهي به آن نداشـته انـد؛ بـر اين اساس هدف اصلي پژوهش حاضر، شناسايي آسيب هاي ساختاري طرح هـادي روسـتايي اسـت کـه بـه صـورت مطالعـۀ موردي در استان کرمانشاه انجام شده است .
ازجمله اقدامات مهمي که به تقويت و پايداري آثار طرح هادي کمک شاياني ميکند، آسـيب شناسـي طـرح هـادي روستايي است ؛ درواقع انجام اين کار به آگاهي از ديدگاهها و عقايد کارشناسان و شناسايي ضعف ها و قوت هاي طرح منجر خواهد شد (برزو و همکاران ، ١٣٨٩: ١٥٤)؛ به بيان ديگر آسيب شناسي بـا شـيوه اي قانونمنـد و بـه مثابـۀ بخشـي جداييناپذير از روش شناسي، به تحول سازماني اعتبار ميبخشد.
يافته هاي پژوهش جهان تيغ (١٣٩٠) نشان داد که اجرانشدن طرح هـادي بـه صـورت کامـل و نيمـه کـاره مانـدن آن ، همسان در نظر گرفتن روستاها با وجود تفاوت هاي بين آنها، بيتوجهي به ابعاد اقتصادي و معيشتي روستاييان ، افزايش قيمت زمين ، دامن زدن به اختلافات بين روستاييان ، تحميل هزينۀ تعريض معابر و کاربريها به جامعۀ روسـتايي هنگـام اجراي طرح و جبران نکردن بنياد مسکن انقلاب اسلامي و بيتوجهي روسـتاييان بـه ضـوابط و مقـررات طـرح هـادي روستايي، از مهم ترين آسيب هاي طرح هادي روستايي در دهستان هـاي بخـش مرکـزي و شـيب آب واقـع در دشـت سيستان هستند.