چکیده:
مسئلة آب در میزان توسعه و امنیت کشورها تأثیر زیادی دارد. بنابراین، توجه به منابع آب در کشور و مسائل رودخانههای مرزی و مطالعۀ نقش آب در رفتارهای سیاسی بسیار حائز اهمیت است. در طول چند دهۀ اخیر، تنشهای امنیتی زیادی در خاورمیانه در اثر آبهای مرزی یا رودخانههای مرزی وجود داشتهاست. کشور ایران از این تنشها و درگیریها مستثنا نیست. برقراری امنیت در مناطق مرزی مستلزم طراحی و تدوین برنامهها و سیاستهای گوناگون است که به نوع مرز و چگونگی پیدایش مرز بستگی دارد. در این میان، رودخانهها، بهعنوان مرزهای طبیعی دو واحد سیاسی، به دلیل ماهیت تغییرپذیری و تنوع مورفولوژیکی خود، آثار محسوسی بر روابط سیاسی دو کشور، بهویژه بر سر مسائل مرزی، دارند. تغییرات این رودها، که مرزهای ایران و همسایگان را تشکیل دادهاند، به دلایل مختلف از زمان شکلگیری مرز همواره روابط دو کشور دو سوی مرز را بهشدت تحت تأثیر قرار داده و کاهش سهم هر کدام پیامدهای امنیتی بسیاری در پی داشته است. این پژوهش بنیادی با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی در صدد بررسی این موضوع است که عوامل طبیعی بر شکل رودخانههای مرزی و در نهایت امنیت ملی تأثیرگذارند. درواقع، مرزهایی که از مناطق کوهستانی، باتلاقها، یا جنگلهای متراکم عبور میکنند کمتر باعث منازعه و کشمکش میشوند. اما، مرزهایی که از مناطق دشتی و کمارتفاع عبور میکنند، بهویژه رودخانهها، دارای اهمیت بیشتری هستند. بنابراین، هر عامل و مسئلهای که در تحدید و تغییر مرز اثرگذار باشد باید مورد توجه و بررسی قرار گیرد. از جمله عوامل جغرافیایی مؤثر در سیمای رودخانهها عبارت است از: روابط مکانی و فضایی، توپوگرافی و زهکشی، زمینشناسی و خاک، پوشش گیاهی، آب و هوا (اقلیم)، و انواع فرسایش. نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد تغییر خصوصیات و سیمای طبیعی رودخانهها در طول زمان باعث بروز اختلافات مرزی و به چالش کشیدن امنیت در دو طرف مرز شده است.
Extended abstract -IntroductionWater is the starting point of civilization and life, and its presence or absence has a great impact on the development and security of countries. For this reason, today there is a lot of attention to water resources in the country and the issues of border rivers and the study of the role of water in political behavior. The events that have taken place in the Middle East over the last few decades, the element of water in the form of border waters or border rivers, have created the greatest security tensions. Iran, as a semi-arid country in the Middle East, has not been without these bloody tensions and conflicts in recent decades. The start of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran over the Iran River from the Helmand River and the lack of a proper legal regime (Al-Arab), Iran's legal problems with Afghanistan over the Arvand River (Shatt al-Arab), Iran's legal problems with Afghanistan over Iran over the Helmand River Adequate legal regime and the violation of Iran's rights to extract water from the Aras River in the north of the country after the collapse of the former Soviet Union can be considered as concrete examples of this issue.-MethodologyThis research is of applied type and the method of information analysis is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative methodology. The method of data collection is documentary and library. In this regard, in order to achieve a correct and transparent result based on rational inference, an attempt has been made to address the role of border rivers in national security. Therefore, this study seeks to achieve a generalizable conclusion about border rivers and its security implications by using key variables such as water, boundaries and security.-Result and discussion1-The international rivers between the two countries may have different shapes. In the first form, the river enters the neighboring country by cutting the border line, in this case, upstream and downstream relations are introduced between the two countries. In the second form, it is possible The river should be located in a part of its route as a border line and should not enter the neighboring country, which is called the border river. In the third form, it is a combination of the two previous types in which the river forms the border line between the two countries in a part of its route and then enters the neighboring country. In fact, in the blue boundaries and the boundaries of two political units, despite having advantages such as a clear path and a suitable width for marking due to their natural variability, it certainly can not play the role of a fixed line well.2- Complete marking of border rivers causes problems for two reasons. First: the lower channel of the river is constantly changing. Second: The width of the river fluctuates and may be divided into several branches.3- Rivers located on the border of Iran and neighboring countries, for various reasons, since the formation of the border has always affected the relations between the two countries.4-Rivers are subject to change under the influence of various factors such as geological, hydrological, geomorphological features and how they are exploited. -ConclusionGiven that the issue of water has a great impact on the development and security of countries, it is important to pay attention to water resources in the country and border river issues and study the role of water in political behavior. Over the past few decades, most security tensions in the Middle East have been due to border waters or border rivers. Iran is no exception to these tensions and conflicts. Establishing security in border areas requires the design and development of various programs and policies that depend on the type of border and how the border is created. Meanwhile, rivers, as the natural borders of the two political units, due to their variability and morphological diversity, have significant effects on the political relations between the two countries, especially on border issues. The changes in these rivers that have formed the borders of Iran and its neighbors, for various reasons since the formation of the border, have always strongly affected the relations between the two countries on both sides of the border and reducing the share of each has many security consequences.Establishing security in the border areas is one of the important concerns of the officials. Establishing security in border areas requires the design and development of various programs and policies that depend on the type of border and how the border is created. Meanwhile, rivers as the natural borders of two political units, due to their variability and morphological diversity, have significant effects on the political relations between the two countries, especially on border issues. In this basic-applied article with descriptive-analytical method, the border rivers of Iran and its neighbors have been considered as international rivers. The changes in these rivers that have formed the borders of Iran and its neighbors, for various reasons since the formation of the border, have always strongly affected the relations between the two countries on both sides of the border and reducing the share of each has had many security consequences. This study seeks to investigate the hypothesis that natural factors affect the shape of borders and ultimately national security. Typically, borders that cross mountainous areas, swamps, or dense forests are less likely to cause conflict, and borders that cross plain, low-lying areas, especially rivers, are more important to the country. Therefore, the most important geographical factors affecting the appearance of the river in arid regions such as spatial and spatial relationships, topography and drainage, geology and soil, vegetation, climate (climate), types of erosion. The results show that the change in the characteristics and natural appearance of rivers over time has caused border disputes and challenged security on both sides of the border.Key words: Iran, border, security, natural factors, river
خلاصه ماشینی:
تغييرات اين رودها، که مرزهاي ايران و همسايگان را تشکيل داده اند، به دلايل مختلف از زمان شکل گيري مرز همواره روابط دو کشور دو سوي مرز را به شدت تحت تأثير قرار داده و کاهش سهم هر کدام پيامدهاي امنيتي بسياري در پي داشته است .
تغيير سيماي اين رودخانه ها، به ويژه رودهاي ورودي به کشور، امروزه زمينۀ تنش ها را به وجود آورده است که پيش بيني ميشود اين تنش ها در آينده اي نه چندان دور به کشمش و منازعه تبديل شود و مناسبات ميان کشورهاي موجود در منطقه را برهم زند که در اين صورت پيامدهاي امنيتي بسياري در کشور برجاي خواهد گذاشت (کريميپور، ١٣٩٤: ٨١).
به هر روي، به دليل عوامل طبيعي مانند خشک ساليهاي گسترده و فرسايش کف و کناره هاي رودخانه و افزايش برداشت آب در داخل خاک افغانستان ، سيستان ايران بارها دچار کم آبي گسترده شده است و امنيت مردم منطقه و به موازات آن امنيت ملي در معرض خطر قرار دارد.
Parsa, Behzad, 2012, A Comparative Study of Water Diplomacy on Iran's Relations with Eastern and Western Neighboring Countries (Hydropolitics of Border Rivers), Master Thesis in Political Science, supervised by Behzad Parsa, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch.
Pakonejad Mottaki, Hamid Reza and Ezzati, Ezzatullah, 2011, Hydropolitics of Atrak Border River and Its Impact on Iran-Turkmenistan Relations, Geographical Perspective (Human Studies), Vol. 6, No. 14, PP.
Mokhtari, Hossein, 2013, Hydropolitics of Iran, Geography of Water Crisis on the Horizon of 1404, Geopolitical Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3.