چکیده:
در ﻣﻮرد اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ و آﻓﺮﻳﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﭼﻴﺰی ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد، ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ و در ﻣﻴﺎن آراء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﻣﺮﺣﻮم اﻣﺎم ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ )ﻗﺪس ﺳﺮه( ﻧﻈـﺮی ﺧـﺎص در ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ دارﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ اﻳﺸﺎن ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﺎء ﻳﻌﻨﻲ وﺣﺪت ﺷﺨﺼـﻲ وﺟـﻮد ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ و ﻃﺒﻖ اﻳﻦ دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺠﻌﻮل اﺳﺖ، ﭼﺮا ﻛﻪ ﻛﺜﺮت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ در ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ، اﻣﺎم ﻣﺠﻌﻮل را ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ داﻧﺪ. اﻳـﻦ ﻣﺠﻌـﻮل، ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎی ﻣﺠﻌﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﺬات ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎی ﻇﻬـﻮری اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺒـﻊ ﻇﻬـﻮر وﺟـﻮد و اﻳﺸـﺎن ﻣﻲﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻗﻮل ﺑﻪ اﺻﺎﻟﺖ وﺟﻮد و ﻣﺠﻌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﺠﻌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ﻣﺠﻌﻮﻟﻴﺖ وﺟﻮد را ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﺮدهاﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻘـﺪ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﺎن ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻀﺮت اﻣﺎم ﭘﺮداﺧﺘـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد و ﻧﺸـﺎن اده ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺪﻫﺎی ﻣﺬﻛﻮر، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﺸﺎن دارﻧﺪ، وارد ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
There are different viewpoints about the question that "what is the
creation and making of things?" Among various theories about this
question, decedent Imam Khomeini (peace be upon him) has special
viewpoint. Imam believes to the mystic’s monotheism, (i.e. oneness of
being) and according to this view it cannot be said that existence is a
creature, because the result of this position is real multiplicity in being. In
contrast, Imam says that the made thing is quiddity, but this made thing
is not the primary creature but is a kind of appearance following the
appearance of the existence.
He thinks that by adopting this view, we able to reconcile the theory of
priority of existence and the viewpoint that made thing is the quiddity
and also reconcile the position that "made thing is the existence" and the
viewpoint that made thing is the quiddity. This view has been criticized
by some scholars. In this article we criticize and analyze Imam’s view and
some of its criticisms and conclude that the mentioned criticisms are not
valid.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"ﻧﻘﺪ دﻳﮕﺮی را ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﻣﻄﺮح ﻛﺮد، اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻛﻼﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ زﻳﺮا ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ آﻧﭽﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ، روﺷﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻛﻪ وﺟـﻮد ﺣﻜـﻢﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ، اﻣـﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺖ ﺣﻜﻢﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺮای اﺛﺒﺎت ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن، اﻋﻴﺎن ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻪ و ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎت اﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﺪون ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ اﻣﺎم ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ )ره( درﺑﺎره ﺟﻌﻞ )(Criticism and Analysis of Imam Khomeini's View about Making of Things ﺗﺠﻠﻲ وﺟﻮد و ﻇﻬﻮر وﺟﻮد ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﻣﻌﺪوم و ﺑﺎﻃﻞاﻧﺪ و ﺣﺘﻲ در ﻣﺸﺮب ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر وﺟﻮد در ﺧﻔـﺎء و ﻇﻠﻤﺖ ﺻﺮفاﻧﺪ، زﻳﺮا ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮد اﻣﺎم در ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻪﺷﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮاﺋـﺪ اﻟﺮﺿـﻮﻳﻪ و ﻧﻴـﺰ در ﻣﺼـﺒﺎح اﻟﻬﺪاﻳـﻪ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﺮدهاﻧﺪ، »اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻏﻴﺐ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﻂ و اﻟﺤﻖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻏﺎب ﻗﻂ« و ﭼﻮن اﻋﻴﺎن ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻪ از ﻟﻮازم اﺳﻤﺎء و ﺻﻔﺎتاﻧﺪ، ﻣﺠﻌﻮل ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ )اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﮔﺮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ وﺟﻮد ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﮔﺮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی اﻇﻬـﺎر و اﻳﺠﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻫﻤﺎن ﻃﻮر ﻛﻪ اﺷﻴﺎء ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﺾ ﻣﻘﺪس ﻣﺠﻌﻮلاﻧﺪ و ﻇﻬﻮر ﻋﻴﻨﻲ دارﻧﺪ، اﻋﻴﺎن ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﻪ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﺾ اﻗﺪس و ﻗﺒﻞ از وﺟﻮد ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻋﻠﻤﻲ دارﻧﺪ."